If you want to use such inks with dip pens or brushes, it's better to get bottles that have a large opening unlike the tapered opening here.Īnd make sure to clean your dip pens and brushes immediately after use so that the ink doesn't form a thin coat which will make it difficult to clean and for the ink to flow for subsequent use. Yes, I did shake the bottle, well, I shook all three. Shellac is supposed to form a protective coat over the ink to make it waterproof but for some reason it doesn't work here. The shellac ink is a surprise because it's not waterproof. This bottle of Indian ink from Renesans is very water resistant. I sprayed this with a mist bottle and the water collected into droplets. The acrylic ink is completely waterproof. The shellac ink has sheen at areas where the ink is concentrated. This was with the Indian ink which is Sepia coloured. These are the sketches I drew with the three inks. Fast drying inks can be difficult to use with brush as the brush hair will become solid and when ink solidifies it's difficult to wash off completely. Some inks will dry with a sheen and that may affect the look you expect. The ink needs to be waterproof if you use water media, such as watercolour. Whether they are waterproof, are they matte when dry and how fast do they dry. There are certain things to test for when using such inks. They are also available in different colours, such as those available from Dr Ph Martin's. They can be used with dip pens and brushes. India ink is made with carbon or lamp black pigment (I'm referring to black ink) mixed with water, but sometimes with varnish, gelatin or varnish is added to make the ink more durable or waterproof when dry. It's waterproof but can be lifted off with alcohol so you don't use these with alcohol markers. It can be used with dip pens, brushes, airbrushes, markers and stamps. Think of it as the more fluid version of acrylic paint, and it can come in many colours. So what are the differences between acrylic ink and India ink? Is one better than the other? Better in what sense?Īcrylic ink is made with pigments suspended in acrylic resin binder or polymer emulsion.Īcrylic ink is more fluid and flows better. When I choose black inks, I only care whether they are waterproof or not since I use watercolour over ink, and whether they can be used in fountain pens since I use those pens often. There's Indian Ink, acrylic Ink and black ink with shellac. These are bottles of ink I've received from Renesans, an art supplies manufacturer from Poland, during the Urban Sketchers Symposium in Amsterdam a few months ago.
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In that document, educators were able to offer their thoughts on the proposal. In the Tea Area School District, elementary principal Samantha Walder surveyed her staff’s response to the standards. However, the question of developmental appropriateness remains for some. Lyon said he wants teachers to remember they, their administrations and their communities are the ones that drive education more than any set of standards. It will take a lot of work, but you’ve got the right people in there to do it.” As always, the superintendents, the principals and the teachers will work it out, we’ll streamline things, we’ll all work together and put the best product out there for our kids. “The best thing about South Dakota educators, we’re really good soldiers,” Lyon said. Spearfish Middle School principal Don Lyon said conversations have already started in school districts. Īdministrators agree the new standards don’t look promising from a practical educational perspective: “Looking up the new standards for my course, we would have to tick off a standard every 25 minutes”. I teach an AP course which, I at least, think there is a lot of question of how do the new standards function with AP courses – just not knowing,” Huber said. “I think it’s intimidating to think about what implementation looks like. īut all the flash and dash and bacon donuts in the world won’t change the fact that the Hillsdale standards are impractical: “The Department of Education was definitely putting a lot into hosting a really nice event and pushing the bounds of what really is necessary. “Initial impressions was this was just so different from a lot of the professional developments I had done through the Department of Education,” Huber said. The Department of Education event sought to get teachers together and set the stage for the rollout of the new social studies standards.Īfter heated debate surrounding those standards this spring, Rapid City teacher Carrie Huber said the meeting was something of a spectacle. In Sioux Falls, hundreds of teachers gathered for a summertime history and civics summit. But one social studies teacher who attended the show a couple weeks ago in Sioux Falls sensed an unusual level of spectacle: The Department of Education appears to have kept the press out of its first big Hillsdale standards indoctrination session. I'm trying to size the right turbro for a conversion (never been turbo'd) for a straight 6, 12 cyl SOHC, with 3.5L. I wonder if the VNT or vanes part of it just doesn't last or needs constant work etc. Kits to rebuild it exist on ebay cheap enough, except for the VNT part and maybe getting the actuator to work wth it, I'm not sure. They seemed to work great from what I can gather is the problem durability? I have access to a rebuilt one and desperately want to know what the deal with 'em is. Was introduced for 1989 Shellby and seemed awesome, but then less than 3000 were made. Not only was turbolag basically eliminated, a wastegate is no longer necessary. Why no info or even mention of the Garrett GT25 VNT - stands for Variable Nozzle Tehcnology? Instead of a single injector, it has 12 vanes that go from 0-100% open. The best oil for any turbocharged bike or car is a fully synthetic oil 5w50 or similar, remember a turbocharger get very hot and needs a good oil to last. They are small and compact and are built good enough to last a long time on a turbo bike. These electric pumps can normally pump 8-12 liter/min water / Diesel and have been tested to work very well with oil for turbocharged bikes. You will find that these are more common use in boats and marine environments. If you can't find an aftermarket 12v oil pump you can get yourself an 12 volt electric water / Diesel pump to drain the oil. The easiest way to solve this is to get an 12 volt electric oil pump. Normally because of clearence issues (front wheel, fairings, radiator, intercooler, oil cooler and turbocharger along with pipes and hoses all need to fit in a very tight space) the oil outlet will often have to be mounted lower than the engine sump / oil pan and this will cause problems for the oil to return to the engine. The hard part is getting the turbocharger mounted high enough. Leo getting oil to the turbocharger on a motorcycle is the easy part and the oilflow and 4-5 bar pressure from the stock oilpump is enough. They will be of great help when looking at compressor maps Use the conversion tools And you will be able to calculate airflow, pressure and HP figures for the turbocharger you are interested in. I also have more technical pages for you that will come in handy. Also note that this formula only works one way. Because there are many factors that come into play. Now this will only give you an idea about the possible power you can get. This formula will calculate and give you the theoretical horsepower from the given turbo inducer size. Map sensors (Mainfold Absolute Pressure) usually use kPa so this formula show you how much it is in BAR Pressure Ratio (ATM+Boost) to Boost Pressure (PSI) Pressure Ratio (ATM+Boost) to Boost Pressure (BAR) The following formulas will calculate you're theoretical horsepower on the wheels (WHP) on E85 fuel for any given airflow. Lb/min to theoretical WHP on (Europe 98 Pump Gas)ĬFM to theoretical WHP on (Europe 98 Pump Gas) The following formulas will calculate you're theoretical horsepower on the wheels (WHP) on European 98 pump gas for any given airflow. Lb/min to theoretical WHP on (US 93 Pump Gas)ĬFM to theoretical WHP on (US 93 Pump Gas) The following formulas will calculate you're theoretical horsepower on the wheels (WHP) on ordinary 93 pump gas for any given airflow. These two formulas will give you an estimate of the theoretical engine HP you can expect from the given airflow. Keep in mind that some of these formulas are to give you estimates of what is theoretically possible to obtain. So these formulas will be of great help when reading turbocharger compressor maps. And also some custom made equations that calculate Airflow to HP and turbo inducer mm to HP and much more. I have made conversion tools for pressure ratio, that will come in handy if you are reading compressor maps. Type in 20 the PSI box and click with the mouse on the BAR box and you will get the value in BAR. Put in the value you want converted, like 20 PSI. But over the weeks I kept adding equations that are usefull. That's why I made this conversion table here for you. When dealing with turbochargers you always come accross alot of different units of measurement. A west wing was added five years later to accommodate dressing rooms, a sewing room, a rehearsal hall, and a carpenter shop. The theatre building was finally completed, and the first production – the comedy Send Me No Flowers – opened on November 18, 1961. At first, the City of Alexandria generously agreed to rent the space to LTA for $1 per year. Asaph Streets became the permanent home of LTA. During the 1950s, an empty lot at the corner of Wolfe and St. In late 1945, the theatre resumed normal operations. In a time of war rationing, theater seemed like a luxury that was best set aside until peace returned. Bush made LTA his first Washington-area theatrical outing when he came to see his sister-in-law perform in Neil Simon’s Proposals.ĭuring the early 1940s, with war in both Europe and Asia, LTA decided to suspend operations. Truman attended on more than one occasion, and notes say that Lynda Bird Johnson even participated as a serving wench! In June 2001, President George W. Over the years, audience members included a veritable “Who’s Who” of Washington. Washington journeying from their Mount Vernon home. Since 1934, the theatre has mounted over 450 productions and established a robust schedule of theater classes for all ages.Įarly productions were held upstairs at Gadsby’s Tavern and recreated life in the 18th century, right down to the visit of President and Mrs. Full productions ensued, and in 1939 the group bought a rickety former blacksmith’s shop located in Ramsey Alley, between Lee and Fairfax Streets, for rehearsal space and construction of sets and costumes. Jeffrey Scott Auerbach & Kimberly Pitcher-Cargoįounded in 1934, The Little Theatre of Alexandria began as a small play-reading group. Also, if warranted, the LTA President may call additional Board meetings on unexpected and time sensitive issues requiring a joint Board conversation and/or decision on urgent matters. The LTA Board of Governors holds a monthly meeting either in-person or by Zoom in addition to conducting business via email. The LTA Board of Governors represents the top leadership for the theatre and therefore requires a monthly time commitment overseeing and managing their respective departments and to be available to address urgent and time sensitive matters if/as they arise. Time Commitment Expected of Board of Governors There is no restriction on running for a different office if not eligible for the same office. Then, a year must elapse before an individual is again eligible for the same office. two-year term and may be re‑nominated for two additional terms as the Governor of the same department. The President serves for one term and may be re-nominated for as many as three successive terms and serve as President for four years consecutively. Qualifications for LTA Governor slates include Active member of LTA at least two years prior to nomination served as a producer, director, department chairman, Governor, or a member of a standing committee demonstrated expertise and motivation related to the work requirements of the department to be managed and demonstrated interest in LTA and a proven sense of responsibility. “Messiah Monday” has never been so real …….Criteria for LTA President includes five years membership in LTA, the last two of which must be consecutive and immediately prior to nominations demonstrated ability in or knowledge of the overall theatre operation previous service on the Board of Governors and chairman of one or more standing committees. This tantalising piece of theatre will leave you thinking far beyond the final curtain.Īssistant Director: Chris Austin-Greenhillĭr Peter Fox, Clinical Psycologist, is about to meet a patient he has never seen before. Why are they there? Where does this train take them? Who will board and who will be left behind? They all claim to be from different cities, and they soon realise there is no way out of the station.Īs they search for answers they reflect upon their lives – the good and the regretful. They have arrived with limited personal belongings and their watches have stopped. A group of strangers meet in a dirty Subway station. The hood filter is the first layer of protection in any restaurant's grease containment and exhaust ventilation system. We offer extractor hood repairs across the country, so get in touch if you need help and you can get back to having a fresh smelling, smoke-free kitchen in no time.An exhaust hood filter is a necessary and required for any commercial restaurant kitchen to operate smoothly, safely and efficiently. If you cleaned your cooker hood because it was under-performing and you thought it might be a build-up of grease, but it’s not helped, it might be an internal fault with the motor or control switch. Once the grease is all removed, use a household glass cleaner to create a sparkling finish.This should clear all the grease build up fairly quickly, but it might take several passes.Use a grease removing detergent or washing up liquid to dissolve the grease.Just like with stainless steel, mix bicarb of soda with boiling water and softly scrub the hood all over to loosen the grime, using paper towels to get rid of the excess solution as you go.Dry with a cloth or allow to air dry before optionally applying a coat of stainless steel polish if you want an extra glossy finish.Wash gently with warm water to remove all remains.Use a household grease removing product (or try making your own!) and a cloth, wiping the hood and removing the now loosened grease and dust.Mix bicarbonate of soda with boiling water and use a sponge to gently scrub the hood with the solution.Most extractor hoods are made of either stainless steel or glass, so we’ll cover both here! Cleaning a stainless steel extractor hood The surface of extractor hoods also pick up a layer of grease over time and dust can collect too, creating a sticky, fluffy coating on what was once a pristine surface. It’s not just the filters that can get dirty, however. If after a few washes they are still blocked you might need to think about replacing them.If the filters are still blocked with grease then repeat the process again to try to clear it out. Put the filters in the dishwasher on the hottest program available.Reinsert the filters into the extractor hood.Rinse thoroughly and pat dry or allow to fully air dry.If you could only fit half of the filter in the water, repeat for the other side. After they’ve soaked, scrub them gently with a brush (make sure it’s not too stiff a brush to avoid damaging the filters), rinsing occasionally until all of the grease build up is cleared.Put the filters in the hot water and let them soak for at least 10 minutes.Fill your sink, a large pan, or a large bucket (big enough to fit at least half of the filter in) with boiling water and mix in baking soda and dish soap.They serve to keep all of the grease that cooking smoke contains out of the extraction vents to avoid them being clogged and more expensive cleaning tasks being necessary.Ĭleaning your extractor hood filters is a simple process: Method 1 How to clean extractor hood filtersĮxtractor hood filters are the fine mesh grates that are on the underside of the hood. The longer you put off cleaning your extractor hood and filter, the less effective it will be and the harder you’ll have to work to get it clean.īe proactive and get your extractor hood back to full working order by following our guide to cleaning both the hood itself and the important filters. What can be avoided, though, is a thick layer of grease building up and making it both dirty and less effective. It’s one of nature’s laws.īecause your cooking hood lives right above your hob and its primary purpose is to draw up the smoke or steam that your cooking food gives off, there’s no avoiding it getting slightly greasy over time. Grease, grime and dirt love to build up on extractor hoods. Switch off the toggle to turn it from “ Enabled on this site” to “ Disabled on this site”. Click the AdBlocker Ultimate icon in the browser extension area in the upper right-hand corner.“ Block ads on – This website” switch off the toggle to turn it from blue to gray.Click the AdBlock Plus icon in the browser extension area in the upper right-hand corner.Refresh the page or click the button below to continue.Under “ Pause on this site” click “ Always”.Click the AdBlock icon in the browser extension area in the upper right-hand corner.In the meantime, take a glance into the future with the adidas 4DFWD 2, available now via adidas for $200 USD.Īdblock Adblock Plus Adblocker Ultimate Ghostery uBlock Origin Others Look for adidas and Carbon to continue to push the world of footwear forward as the beginning of 4D continues to unfold. “Being able to manufacture, at high volume, customized parts for each individual.” Without the limitations of traditional midsole tooling such as its inflexibility, the sky’s the limit for 4D. “Mass customization,” said Rolland when contemplating the future of 4D. The most important part of 4D’s future, however, may be personalization. As Carbon derives formulas for new colors and improves manufacturing efficiency, adidas will continue to leverage its research team and partners to design and test new lattices. However, this is far from the limits of its capabilities. The 4DFWD 2 is an incredible demonstration of innovation. Being able to manufacture, at high volume, customized parts for each individual.” Lastly, the outsole has been upgraded with Continental technology for a confident run in any weather condition. In addition, a redesigned integrated heel counter further supports runners while an extra eyelet allows for greater lockdown. In a performance context, it was noted that the first 4DFWD’s full-Primeknit+ upper lacked the appropriate durability for distance running, which resulted in the introduction of a new engineered mesh on the 4DFWD 2 to strengthen the Primeknit+ portion of the upper. Sticking to this approach, the 4DFWD 2 carries on its core identity while addressing some of its previous weaknesses. Charlotte Heidmann, a senior product manager within the adidas Running division, noted that a key element to the 4DFWD line is how with each step “the midsole of the adidas 4DFWD turns vertical impact into horizontal forward motion.” Utilizing the second generation of 4D midsole technology with its new bowtie-shaped lattice, the 4DFWD 2 is able to achieve up to three times more forward motion in comparison to previous 4D running shoes. With the 4DFWD 2 in particular, the emphasis of this innovation is placed on moving forward. As the process of building a 4D midsole has become increasingly efficient, adidas and Carbon have been provided the opportunity to accelerate their experimentation with millions of lattices - the midsole structure found in 4D products. “Accelerating the product development cycle and making new geometries you can’t make any other way are two key benefits of present day 4D products,” said Jason Rolland, Carbon’s SVP of material. The next step is to connect the new technology to the consumer by showing how it addresses their needs.Ĭarbon, a Silicon Valley-based tech company that has partnered with adidas since 2017, was able to share key insights into what adidas 4D tackles now, alongside goals for the future. However, as Keith Blume, adidas’ senior manager of footwear innovation, reflected on this period, he shared that the team was able to answer two key questions: “Can we do this? And can we do this at scale?” This proof of concept rollout allowed for the team to pivot to Blume’s next question, “What performance benefits can we bring to life with 4D?” Naturally, introducing new technologies is exciting - but it’s only one part of the equation. Initial adidas 4D launches were plagued by extremely limited quantities due to the extensive production time that went into manufacturing each pair. Traders will now watch to see if the S&P 500 can hold at 3,900 – 3,950, as a break below that “would likely bring more bears out of hibernation,” he says. If you’re feeling a sense of déjà vu, it’s because most of the major declines over the past year started off this way,” said Dunuwila. “As we know, failed breakouts are often followed by sharp moves lower. He described Tuesday’s action as a classic “failed breakout.” The Chart Report’s Patrick Dunuwila made a similar point about what would happen if stocks fell further. Finally, this would also involve breaking the larger uptrend from last October’s lows.” (For those that wish to give this rally a bit more slack, 3900 should also be important.) Such a move would involve slicing back under the 200-day moving average in SPX as well as undercutting the 61.8% retracement zone of the prior low to high range. “Only if SPX undercuts 3945 would I fear that a larger decline might be in store. However, Newton accepted that further declines will make stocks even more vulnerable. “Treasuries look to have sold off in a near-perfect 5-wave decline from 1/19/23, which means that this bounce in yields also should be nearing completion.” Given that the market continues to be led by moves in government bond markets - reflecting expectations of Federal Reserve monetary policy trajectory - any retracement in yields will also underpin stocks, he said. “Thus, some short-term price and time confluence is approaching,” Newton wrote. Additionally, this week represents a 50% time retracement of the prior low to high swing from late December 2022,” he said. “rices are now hovering right above the all-important 50% retracement area of the prior low to high range. Other technical factors may also provide assistance to equity bulls. While many blame the shortened holiday week for this lack of volume spike, one would think that volume would be at least a bit more than average on the worst trading day of the year,” said Newton. “Despite SPX having logged the worst trading day performance-wise in over two months’ time, volume was sub-par. He noted the low volume during Tuesday’s slide, which suggested the desire to dump stocks was limited. “The near-term decline in has now closed in on important support, which should likely provide a possible low to this pullback sometime over the final three days of this short week,” Newton wrote. In a note to clients published late Tuesday, Fundstrat’s head of technical strategy Mark Newton said technical factors and the end of a rally in bond yields should help stocks recover ground in the short term. The latest slide on Wall Street has left the stock market at “important support” but one which should provide a “reversal back higher,” according to a closely watched research boutique. Investors returned from a three-day break on Tuesday in a pessimistic mood, as the S&P 500 SPX, -2.00% saw its biggest drop of the year. The company was incorporated in 1994 and is headquartered in Seattle, Washington.Thud. It serves consumers, sellers, developers, enterprises, content creators, and advertisers. Additionally, the company offers Amazon Prime, a membership program. Further, it provides compute, storage, database, analytics, machine learning, and other services, as well as fulfillment, advertising, and digital content subscriptions. In addition, the company offers programs that enable sellers to sell their products in its stores and programs that allow authors, musicians, filmmakers, Twitch streamers, skill and app developers, and others to publish and sell content. It also manufactures and sells electronic devices, including Kindle, Fire tablets, Fire TVs, Rings, Blink, eero, and Echo and develops and produces media content. The company's products offered through its stores include merchandise and content purchased for resale and products offered by third-party sellers. It operates through three segments: North America, International, and Amazon Web Services (AWS). engages in the retail sale of consumer products and subscriptions through online and physical stores in North America and internationally. However, the acquisition of Justin Boots fit well with Berkshire Hathaway’s strategy of investing in companies with strong brand recognition and market share. While Berkshire Hathaway is known for its diverse portfolio of companies, it’s not typically associated with footwear or fashion.
Moss: Book 2 (PlayStation VR 2) - Feb.Fantavision 202X (PlayStation 5, PlayStation VR 2) - Feb.Horizon Call of the Mountain (PlayStation VR 2) - Feb.After the Fall (PlayStation VR 2) - Feb.PlayStation VR 2 launches (PlayStation 5) - Feb.Metroid Prime Remake (Nintendo Switch) - Feb.Like a Dragon: Ishin! (PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows PC, Xbox One, Xbox Series X) - Feb.Atomic Heart (PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows PC, Xbox One, Xbox Series X) - Feb.Wild Hearts (PlayStation 5, Windows PC, Xbox Series X) - Feb.Theatrhythm Final Bar Line (Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4) - Feb.Tomb Raider Reloaded (Android, iOS) - Feb.Blanc (Nintendo Switch, Windows PC) - Feb.Hogwarts Legacy (PlayStation 5, Windows PC, Xbox Series X) - Feb.Deliver Us Mars (PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows PC, Xbox One, Xbox Series X) - Feb.SpongeBob SquarePants: The Cosmic Shake (Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows PC, Xbox One) - Jan.Age of Empires 2: Definitive Edition (Xbox One, Xbox Series X) - Jan.Dead Space (PlayStation 5, Windows PC, Xbox Series X) - Jan.Hi-Fi Rush (Windows PC, Xbox Series X) - Jan.Forspoken (PlayStation 5, Windows PC) - Jan.Fire Emblem Engage (Nintendo Switch) - Jan. Colossal Cave (Mac, Meta Quest 2, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5, Windows PC, Xbox Series X) - Jan.Persona 4 Golden (Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Xbox Series X) - Jan.Persona 3 Portable (Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows PC, Xbox One, Xbox Series X) - Jan.One Piece Odyssey (PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows PC, Xbox Series X) - Jan.Here’s a look at what the year has in store for upcoming games. While video game release dates are constantly in flux, Polygon’s guide to the video games coming out in 2023 will be regularly updated with new games, new release dates, and games’ inevitable delays. More than 100 major video game releases are expected in 2023, from highly anticipated RPGs like Starfield, Final Fantasy 16, and The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom, to new, mainline entries in series like Marvel’s Spider-Man, Assassin’s Creed, and Street Fighter, and the long-awaited return of franchises like Diablo and Pikmin. If you are looking for practical help or advice on how to use English in writing and speaking today, then ODO will provide you with the information you need. In ODO, the evidence is derived from the 2.3 billion word Oxford English Corpus, a huge databank of 21st century English, and each word sense in the dictionary is linked to a set of sentences so you can see how people are using the language today. In the OED each word meaning is illustrated by a set of quotations, spanning perhaps many centuries, from the earliest recorded appearance to the most recent recorded usages. Meanings are ordered chronologically in the OED, according to when they were first recorded in English, so that senses with the earliest evidence of usage appear first and more recent senses appear further down the entry – like a ‘family tree’ for each word.īoth the OED and ODO contain a wealth of evidence from real English to show how words are used in context. The OED, on the other hand, is a historical dictionary and it forms a record of all the core words and meanings in English over more than 1,000 years, from Old English to the present day, and including many obsolete and historical terms. Where words have more than one meaning, the most important and common meanings in modern English are given first, and less common and more specialist or technical uses are listed below. The dictionary content in ODO focuses on current English and includes modern meanings and uses of words. While ODO focuses on the current language and practical usage, the OED shows how words and meanings have changed over time. The OED and the dictionaries in ODO are themselves very different. "We want this to be accessible to the broadest audience possible," she says.What are the main differences between the OED and ODO? While the dictionary is intended as a scholarly resource of value to researchers and members of the speech community, the editors want it to be equally usable by the general public, explains Heinmiller. There will also be crossover with other dictionaries, so if a word makes it into the ODAAE, it could likely appear in the OED as well, either as a dedicated entry or a new sense of an existing entry. "We want to give a well-rounded sketch of the language variety both in historic and contemporary usage from a descriptive perspective." "In instances where we can trace that history, I think it's important," she says. When possible, the entries will have etymological notes too, according to Heinmiller. There will be pronunciation guides, which may include different regional pronunciation, as well as audio files. Goals of the Oxford Dictionary of African American EnglishĮach ODAAE inclusion will have the typical format of a dictionary entry and include real-life examples from various types of sources to give as complete a picture as possible. "The scope of this is broader than any English variety dictionary that Oxford has done so far," says Heinmiller. But the ODAAE will have even more to offer. Today, there are resources for words from Australian to Ugandan English with many in between and several others coming soon. Including words from various world Englishes has been an Oxford practice since 1884 when the first OED included the Tagalog word abaca, a banana plant native to the Philippines or its fiber. Oxford also has a division of World Englishes, "a term referring to localized or indigenized varieties of English spoken throughout the world by people of diverse cultural backgrounds in a wide range of sociolinguistic contexts." You can find plenty of previous examples of English variety dictionaries, like Oxford's own Australian Oxford Dictionary or the Dictionary of Southern Appalachian English from The University of North Carolina Press, for which Heinmiller was a coeditor. And words that we take for granted today, such as 'cool' and 'crib,' 'hokum' and 'diss,' 'hip' and 'hep,' 'bad,' meaning 'good,' and 'dig,' meaning 'to understand' - these are just a tiny fraction of the words that have come into American English from African American speakers, neologisms that emerged out of the Black Experience in this country, over the last few hundred years. Words with African origins such as 'goober,' 'gumbo' and 'okra' survived the Middle Passage along with our African ancestors. Every speaker of American English borrows heavily from words invented by African Americans, whether they know it or not. |
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